Question

a. Human behavior is learned.
b. Human behavior is instinctual.
c. Human behavior is complex.
d. The results were inconclusive.

Answer 1

a. Human behavior is learned.

Answer 2

Rigidly adhering to any of the SOLAR positions may make the helping conversation feel strained or awkward. Helpers should be sensitive to the times when the helpee seems uncomfortable and be careful not to impose direct eye contact during those times. Yet, direct and confident eye contact is helpful in other situations. So, the advice is for normal and appropriate eye contact. Most importantly, the helper’s eye contact should express attentiveness, emotional connection and empathy. The helper should never require the helpee to look back at her directly in the eyes, and she should also refrain from assuming meaning when the helpee avoids direct eye contact. The appropriateness of engaging in direct eye contact is culturally nuanced, and part of helper cross-cultural competence is to be aware of the ways in which this is perceived in the helpee’s culture or family system, and in the social and discursive context of the particular helping relationship.

Answer 3

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False

Answer 4

Oppression by isms refers to social injustice experienced by individuals because of their membership in a group that is defined by an ideology of ism, such as sexism, racism, ageism, heterosexism, and other isms. In the United States, individuals belonging to such groups have different realities than members of the majority group. For example, majority group members often enjoy unearned advantages while those with minority group membership find themselves in disadvantageous positions. Based on the conclusion of the President Clinton’s Advisory Board to the President’s Initiative on Race as indicated in the text, racism is the most divisive force in the United States. The text further indicate that the presence of racism and other isms is the reason American democratic society has an unjust side that denies members of minority groups access to resources, wealth, and opportunities. An example is that White people benefit from White-skin privileges that provide access to resources and exempt them from oppression that members of minority group do not. However, White people may experience oppression because of reasons other than being white, such as sexism, classism, and ageism. Such oppression operates at different levels, including individual and societal levels exposing marginalized people to discrimination and victimization.

Answer 5

a. getting better