a. All research is reviewed by an IRB (institutional review board) that consists of at least one scientist, one nonscientist, and one person unaffiliated with the institution.
b. A researcher receives informed consent from a participant unless deception is deemed necessary and the experiment meets ethical guidelines
c. When deception is used in a study, participants must be fully debriefed
d. there must be a cover story for every study, because all studies involve some type of deception